Fuel-Cell Nanoparticle Clusters May Cut Platinum Catalyst Costs

September 13, 2019

Stuart Birch

TUM’s research into platinum nanoparticles, to reduce the amount of the precious metal needed in catalysts, could help reduce fuel-cell stack costs and speed adoption of electrified options such as Honda’s Clarity. (Honda)

Fuel-cell technology is a big subject with some very small but vital aspects, one of which is the size of atomic platinum clusters. Reduce these and the amount of platinum needed (one of the major cost drawbacks of current fuel-cell systems) would also fall. An interdisciplinary research team at the Technical University of Munich (TUM) has just detailed in a report of successfully modeling size-optimized catalysts that are twice as good as the best pure platinum catalysts commercially available today.

“In fuel cells, hydrogen reacts with oxygen to create water, generating electricity in the process,” explained TUM’s Roland Fischer, professor of inforganic and organometallic chemistry. “Sophisticated catalysts at the electrodes are required in order to optimize this conversion and platinum plays a central role in the oxygen-reduction reaction.” The TUM team members were looking to answer how small a cluster of platinum atoms can be and still have a highly active catalytic effect.

Fischer said the ideal size for platinum stacks measure about one nanometer, containing some 40 platinum atoms. Fischer’s colleague, Aliaksandr Bandarenka professor of physics of energy conversion and storage, noted that, “platinum catalysts of this order of size have a small volume but a large number of active spots, resulting in high mass activity.” The team worked with the Catalysis Research Center at TUM to refine its results, combining theoretical capabilities in modeling, physics and chemistry with specialist capability to create and experimentally test the calculated platinum nanocatalyst.

Though the results are encouraging and strengthen fuel-cell cost equations, more research will be needed in order to build a commercial case. For commercial use, the 50% reduction in platinum based on the team’s findings would need to increase to 80%. Beyond the nanoparticles’ spherical shape, higher catalytic activity may be achieved via more complex configurations Bandarenka said, noting that more complex shapes require more complex synthesis methods.