Fundamentals of Metamaterials for High-Power RF Applications

Microwave metamaterials have shown promise in numerous low-power applications, from strip lines to antennas.

Recent years have seen a burgeoning interest in the physics and applications of metamaterials. Briefly, metamaterials consist of a periodic array of subwavelength structures that produce an electromagnetic response not typically available in nature. Notably, composites of these structures in general exhibit both frequency and spatial dispersion, leading to a rich variety of physical phenomena such as backward wave propagation and a negative refractive index.

The most common form of Metamaterial unit cell is formed through a split-ring resonator on a standard printed circuit board (PCB), with a single strip line on the reverse side of the PCB (PCB grade FR4).
Metamaterials offer two key advantages for High-Power Microwave (HPM) source design. First, they offer the possibility of exploiting new forms of interaction previously unavailable for microwave source design. Additionally, they offer a path to reduce the dimensions of standard HPM sources and components, gaining significant size advantages for the source designer. Both issues, however, hinge on the ability to find sub-wavelength, resonant structures in configurations that can withstand the harsh operating environment of an HPM device.

A configuration was developed in which an array of split-ring resonators, forming a “mu-negative” structure, allows transmission of power in a waveguide well below the cutoff frequency. This configuration would not be used in an actual HPM device, but explores the methods and considerations that might be required for developing a metamaterial structure for either making HPM sources more compact, or developing new types of interaction at these high powers. For any HPM application, a microwave structure must be able to sustain high electric and magnetic fields, as well as high peak and possibly average power. The challenge for metamaterials consists of devising the sub-wavelength structures that can sustain such fields.

In particular, one must understand the sensitivity of any metamaterial system to changes in the individual elements, which in the case of high power, pertains mainly to the loss of an individual resonator element. As such a sample system, this work explored the physical operating characteristics of the waveguide system loaded with an array of split-ring resonators (SRR), with particular emphasis upon the role of defects on its properties. Such defects would form an important feature in any high-power application in which sub-wavelength structures can be damaged by high field stresses. The physics of microwave propagation were examined below cutoff using a splitring resonator array, via both numerical models and experiments.

This work was done by Rebecca Seviour of Lancaster University (UK) for the Air Force Office of Scientific Research. AFRL-0214



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Fundamentals of Metamaterials for High-Power RF Applications

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This article first appeared in the August, 2012 issue of Defense Tech Briefs Magazine (Vol. 6 No. 4).

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Overview

The document titled "Fundamentals of Metamaterials for High-power RF Applications" is a final report authored by Prof. Rebecca Seviour from Lancaster University, covering research conducted from June 21, 2010, to June 21, 2011, under EOARD Grant 10-3082. The report is part of a collaborative effort with the Air Force Research Laboratory and focuses on the development and application of microwave metamaterials, particularly in high-power microwave (HPM) technologies.

Metamaterials are engineered materials that exhibit unique electromagnetic properties not found in nature, enabling microwave designers to achieve novel functionalities and compact device designs. The report highlights the potential of metamaterials in various low-power applications, such as antennas and strip lines, while emphasizing their promise in high-power scenarios.

Key areas of research discussed in the report include the effects of disorder in metamaterials, the impact of high power on material performance, and a comparative analysis of different realizations of metamaterial "atoms." The findings suggest that understanding these factors is crucial for advancing the design and implementation of metamaterials in HPM devices.

The report also details experimental investigations into the applicability of specific structures, such as the SRR (Split Ring Resonator) array, for high-power applications. Researchers explored the effects of shorting or opening individual elements within the array to assess their performance under high-power conditions. This experimentation represents an initial step toward leveraging metamaterials for the development of compact microwave and HPM sources.

The collaborative research team, which includes Dr. Elena Luchinski, Dr. Yap Soon Tan, and others from the Air Force Research Laboratory, aims to lay the groundwork for future advancements in metamaterial technology. The report concludes that while significant progress has been made, further research is necessary to fully realize the potential of metamaterials in high-power RF applications.

Overall, this document serves as a foundational resource for understanding the principles and applications of metamaterials in high-power contexts, providing insights into both theoretical and practical aspects of this emerging field. The findings and methodologies presented are expected to guide future research and development efforts in the area of high-power microwave technologies.