Self-Lubrication of Hot YSZ-Ag-Mo Nanocomposite Coatings
Diffusion of silver to surfaces plays a major part in high-temperature lubrication.
An experimental study has been performed to learn about the physical and chemical mechanisms of self-lubrication of coatings that comprise nanostructured composites of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), silver, and molybdenum. These and other YSZ-based nanocomposite coatings have received increasing attention in recent years because they offer a combination of hardness, toughness, resistance to wear, and low-friction C properties that make them attractive for reducing wear and friction and increasing the lifetimes of hot, sliding components of mechanical systems. In addition to the excellent mechanical and thermal stability of the basic YSZ ceramic material, the nanocomposite structures of these coatings, consisting of combinations of amorphous and crystalline phases, provide a “chameleon” surface adaptation, in which different phases turn into lubricants in response to different test environments, contact loads, sliding speeds, and temperatures. Moreover, proper sizing of nanocrystalline grains can restrict crack sizes and create large volumes of grain boundaries, thereby increasing the toughness and contact-load-bearing capabilities of these coatings.
The YSZ-Ag-Mo composite coatings for the present experimental study were deposited on steel and nickel-alloy substrates in a hybrid process that included deposition of 100-nm-thick titanium adhesion layers by use of a filtered titanium arc plasma, followed by pulsed-layer deposition of YSZ from a YSZ target. Ag and Mo were added to the coatings by magnetron sputtering from Ag and Mo targets. All of the coatings were grown to a thickness of about 2 μm. In some cases, the coating was formed as two 1-μm-thick YSZ-Ag-Mo layers, and a 100-nm-thick TiN diffusion-barrier layer was deposited between the YSZ-Ag-Mo layers by introducing a flow of nitrogen into the deposition chamber during operation of the filtered titanium arc plasma source. In other cases, TiN barrier layers containing pinholes were deposited on the surfaces of YSZ-Ag-Mo coatings to limit through-the-thickness diffusion of silver (see figure).
In the study, the focus was on the evolution of microstructure, diffusion of silver, and contact surface oxidation processes in sliding contact at high temperature in air. The microstructures of the coatings were determined by x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Coefficients of friction were measured by use of a high-temperature ball-on-disk tribometer. The wear scar surfaces and coating cross-sections were studied by use of scanning electron, transmission electron, scanning transmission electron, and focused ion beam microscopes, which provided the information on spatial distributions of chemical compositions, including distributions of silver and molybdenum along with microstructural features.
The study revealed different “chameleon”- like high-temperature- adaptive lubrication mechanisms in the nanocomposite coatings. Coefficients of friction of about 0.4 or less were found to be maintained at all temperatures from 25 to 700 °C. The as deposited coatings were found to include silver nanograins embedded in amorphous/ nanocrystalline YSZ-Mo matrices. At high temperatures, heating-induced diffusion and coalescence of silver were found to result in microstructural and chemical changes that included formation of silver films on surfaces with silver depleted YSZ-Mo layers left underneath. Crystallization of zirconia matrices was found to occur simultaneously with diffusion of silver to surfaces when the coatings were heated. It was confirmed that the diffusion of silver to, and coalescence of silver on, the surfaces of YSZ-Ag-Mo nanocomposite coatings plays an important part in high-temperature lubrication.
Silver was determined to be an effective lubricant at temperatures below 500 °C, and coalescence of silver on surfaces was found to isolate molybdenum inside the composites from ambient oxygen. At temperatures above 500 °C, the silver surface layers were found to be rapidly removed from wear tracks and, hence, the reactive molybdenum inside the silver- depleted YSZ-Mo layers was exposed to ambient air. Contact tribochemistry was found to result in the formation, in wear tracks, of molybdenum oxides, which provided lubrication at 700 °C.
In the cases of specimens containing the internal TiN barrier layers, these layers were found to preserve lubricants underneath, thereby providing for continuous replenishment of lubricants. The TiN layers were also found to force subsurface silver to diffuse laterally toward wear scars, once the TiN layers were breached by wear. This behavior affords an adaptive response, which includes on-demand supply of lubricant from storage volumes inside YSZ-Ag- Mo composites to surface contact areas. The YSZ-Ag-Mo coatings that contained the internal TiN barrier layers were found to maintain coefficients of friction of approximately 0.4 during more than 25,000 cycles, while the monolithic YSZ-Ag-Mo coatings lasted fewer than 5,000 cycles. The specimens having TiN surface layers with pinholes were found to have wear lifetimes greater than 50,000 cycles.
This work was done by J. J. Hu of the Air Force Research Laboratory, and C. Muratore, and A.A. Voevodin of UES, Inc. For more information, download the Technical Support Package (free white paper) at www.defensetechbriefs.com/tsp under the Materials category. AFRL-0023
This Brief includes a Technical Support Package (TSP).
Self-Lubrication of Hot YSZ-Ag-Mo Nanocomposite Coatings
(reference AFRL-0023) is currently available for download from the TSP library.
Don't have an account? Sign up here.
Top Stories
INSIDERManned Systems
Turkey's KAAN Combat Aircraft Completes First Flight - Mobility Engineering...
INSIDERMaterials
FAA Expands Boeing 737 Investigation to Manufacturing and Production Lines -...
INSIDERImaging
New Video Card Enables Supersonic Vision System for NASA's X-59 Demonstrator -...
INSIDERManned Systems
Stratolaunch Approaches Hypersonic Speed in First Powered TA-1 Test Flight -...
INSIDERUnmanned Systems
Army Ends Future Attack and Reconnaissance Helicopter Development Program -...
ArticlesEnergy
Can Solid-State Batteries Commercialize by 2030? - Mobility Engineering...
Webcasts
AR/AI
From Data to Decision: How AI Enhances Warfighter Readiness
Energy
April Battery & Electrification Summit
Manufacturing & Prototyping
Tech Update: 3D Printing for Transportation in 2024
Test & Measurement
Building an Automotive EMC Test Plan
Manufacturing & Prototyping
The Moon and Beyond from a Thermal Perspective
Software
Mastering Software Complexity in Automotive: Is Release Possible...